C.: World Bank, 1997), p. 103.
66. Senate Resolution 208, November 8, 1999.
67. Henry Kissinger, «U.S. Intervention in Kosovo Is a Mistake», Boston Globe, March 1,1999.
68. Cited in Edmund Andrews, «Bush Angers Europe by Eroding Pact on Warming», New York Times, April 1, 2001.
69. David Sanger, «Bush Flatly States U.S. Will Pull Out of Missile Treaty», New York Times, August 24, 2001.
70. Dana Milbank, «Bush Advocates a Wider NATO», Washington Post, June 16, 2001.
71. «Bush Unpopular in Europe, Seen as Unilateralist», August 15, 2001. Available at: http://people-press org/reports/display php3?ReportID=5. Survey conducted by the International Herald Tribune, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. См. также Adam Clymer, «Surveys Find European Public Critical of Bush Policies», New York Times, August 16, 2001.
72. JohnKifner, «56IslamicNationsAvoidCondemningU.S. Attacks, but Warn on Civilian Casualties», New York Times, October 11,2001.
73. Laurie Goodstein, «Muslim Scholars Back Fight Against Terrorists», New York Times, October 12, 2001.
74. Cm. Stephen M. Walt, «The Origins of Alliances» (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987).
ГЛАВА 3
1. President Calvin Coolidge, State of the Union Address, December 4, 1928, a; cited in John Kenneth Galbraith, «The Great Crash, 1929» (New York: Time Inc., 1961), p. 7.
2. Ibid., p. 26–27, 70.
3. Cited ibid., p. 38.
4. Cited ibid., p. 73.
5. Cited ibid., p. 74.
6. Ibid., p. 80.
7. Piers Brendon, «The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s» (New York: Knopf, 2000), p. 86.
8. Charles P. Kindleberger, «The World in Depression, 1929–1939» (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 171–172.
9. Dietmar Rothermund, «The Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929–1939» (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 55.
10. Cited in Brendon, «The Dark Valley», p. 31.
11. Cited inTatsuji Takeuchia, «War and Diplomacy in the Japanese Empire» (New York: Doubleday, 1935), p. 353.
12. Kindleberger, «The World in Depression», p. 308.
13. Galbraith, «The Great Crash», p. 173–174.
14. Thomas L. Friedman, «The Lexus and the Olive Tree» (New York: Farrar, Strai & Giroux, 1999), p. 7.
15. Ibid., p. 7–8.
16. Thomas Paine, «Rights of Man», in Collected Writings (New York: Literal Classics of the United States, 1995), p. 598–599.
17. John Stuart Mill, «Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy» (Fairfield, N.J.: Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1976), p. 582.
18. Norman Angell, «The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power in Nations to Their Economic and Social Advantage» (New York: Putnam, 1910), p. 31,54–55. Название связано с иллюзорным представлением о том, что государства могут обеспечить свое благосостояние посредством войны.
19. Congressman Paul Ryan, statement to U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Banking and Financial Ser vices, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, «Margin Lending», March 21, 2000. Available at: http:// commdocs house gov/committees/bank/hba63474.000/hba634740 .HTM.
20. Robert J. Shiller, «Irrational Exuberance» (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 35.
21. Ibid., p. xii–xiii.
22. Ibid., p. 5–9. Отметим, что Шиллер использует собственный метод расчета соотношения цены и стоимости акций и поэтому его данные могут отличаться от данных из других источников.
23. New York Stock Exchange, «New York Stock Exchange Member Firms Customers' Margin Debt, January 1992 through February 2002». Available at: http://www nyse com/pdfs/margin0202.pdf. См. также Gretchen Morgenson, «Buying on Margin Becomes a Habit», New York Times, March 24, 2000.
24. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, «Margin Lending», March 21,2000. Available at: http://commdocs house gov/committees/bank/hba63474.000/hba634740 .htm.
25. International Monetary Fund, «International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues» (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2000), p. 10–11.
26. Stephan Haggard, «The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis» (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2000), p. 4, 6.
27. Gerard Baker and Stephen Fidler, «O'Neill Signals Hands-Off Stance on World Economy», Financial Times, February 15, 2001.
28. Закон предусматривает, что инвесторы могут кредитовать не более 50 процентов пакета акций, который они приобретают. В августе 2001 года вступили в действие новые правила фондовых торгов, с более строгими требованиями к кредитным покупкам в целях прекращения спекулятивных биржевых игр.
29. Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan, December 5, 1996, Francis Boyer Lecture of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Available at: http:/ /federalreserve gov/boarddocs/speeches/l996/l9961205.htm.
30. Charlie Rose Transcript no. 2713, program of June 27, 2000.
31. См.: Haggard, «The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis», p. 1–13.
32. Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan, «Global Challenges», July 12, 2000, at the Financial Crisis Conference, Council on Foreign Relations, New York. Available at: http://federalreserve gov/boarddocs/speeches/2000/ 20OO0712.htm.
33. Quotes from Steven Pearlstein, «Debating How to Repair Global Financial System», Washington Post, September 24, 2000.
34. Robert Gilpin, «The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century» (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 161.
35. Cm. Paul A. Papayoanou, «Power Ties: Economic Interdependence, Balancing, and War» (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), p. 63.
36. О СМИ и их роли в разжигании национализма см.: Jack L. Snyder, «From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict» (New York: Norton, 2000).
37. Martin Wolf, «The Economic Failure of Islam», Financial Times, September 26, 2001.
38. Thomas Friedman, «Smoking or Non-Smoking?» New York Times, September 14, 2001.
39. Cm. Joseph Yam, «International Capital Flows and Free Markets», remarks made at the Credit Suisse First Boston Asian Investment Conference, March 26,1999. Available at: http://www info gov hk/hkma/eng/speeches/speechs/joseph/speech260399b .htm.
40. Karl Polanyi, «The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time» (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957).
41. Martin Wolf, «The Lure of the American Way», Financial Times, November 1, 2000.
42. Rothermund, «The Global Impact of the Great Depression», p. 29.
43. Immanuel Kant, «Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay» (New York: Macmillan, 1917). Originally published in 1795.
44. См.: chap. 2, n. 15.
45. William Jefferson Clinton, «Confronting the Challenges of a Broader World», address to the U.N. General Assembly, New York City, September 27, 1993. Available at: http://dosfan lib uic edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/1993/html/Dispatchv4no39.html.
46. Критику школы демократического мира см.: David Spiro, «The Insignificance of the Liberal Peace»; Christopher Layne, «Kant or Cant: Myths of the Democratic Peace»; and Henry S. Farber and Joanne Gowa, «Polities and Peace», in Debating the Democratic Peace, ed. Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996).
47. Francis Fukuyama, «The End of History and the Last Man» (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. xx.
48. Ibid., p. 276.
49.0 роли немецких интеллектуалов в эволюции национализма см.: Elie Kedourie, «Nationalism» (London: Hutchin-son, 1966). Kedourie provides a summary of the views of both Herder and Fichte.
50. Fukuyama, «The End of History and the Last Man», p. 276.
ГЛАВА 4
1. См. Robert Gilpin, «War and Change in World Politics» (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); and Paul M. Kennedy, «The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000» (New York: Random House, 1987).
2. Краткое изложение этой житейской мудрости см.: Antony J. Blinken, «The False Crisis over the Atlantic», Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 3 (May–June 2001), p. 35–48.
3. Cited in Otto Pflanze, «Bismarck and the Development of Germany», vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 97.
4. Benjamin Disraeli, February 9,1871, cited in J.C.G. Rohl, «From Bismarck to Hitler: The Problem of Continuity in German History» (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1970)», p. 23.
5. Cited in V. R. Berghahn, «Germany and the Approach of War in 1914» (New York: St. Martin's, 1973), p. 174.
6. Cited in Fritz Fischer, «World Power or Decline: The Controversy over Germany's Aims in the First World War», trans. Lancelot Farrar, Robert Kimber, and Rita Kimber (New York: Norton, 1974), p. 26.
7. Margaret Thatcher, «The Downing Street Years» (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 796–797. См. также Robert J. Art, «Why Europe Needs the United States and NATO», Political Science Quarterly, vol. Ill, no. 1 (Spring 1996), p. 1–39. 8.0 римской военной стратегии см.: Edward N. Luttwak, «The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A-D. to the Third» (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).
9. Ammianus Marcellinus, «The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354–378)» (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1986), p. 412.
10. Столицу Западной Римской империи в конце четвертого века перенесли в Милан, а в начале пятого века – в Равенну.
11. Edward Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», with an introduction, notes, and appendices by J.B. Bury, vol. 4 (New York: AMS Press, 1974), p. 174–175.
12. Lactantius, «On the Deaths of the Persecutors», cited in Chris Scarre, «Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome» (London: Thames & Hudson, 1995), p. 196.
13. Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», vol. 4, p.174–175.
14. О причинах упадка см.: Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», vols. 1–7; J.B. Bury, «History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (A.D. 395 to A.D. 565)» (London: Macmillan, 1923); and A.H.M. Jones, «The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey» (Oxford: Blackwell, 1964). О Византии см.: A. A. Vasiliev, «History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453» (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1952).
15.Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», vol. 4, p. 174–175.
16. William С Wohlforth, «The Stability of a Unipolar World», International Security, vol. 24, no. 1 (Summer 1999), p. 8.
17. О развитии Европы с точки зрения экономических мотивов см.: Andrew Moravcsik, «The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht» (Ithaca:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
66. Senate Resolution 208, November 8, 1999.
67. Henry Kissinger, «U.S. Intervention in Kosovo Is a Mistake», Boston Globe, March 1,1999.
68. Cited in Edmund Andrews, «Bush Angers Europe by Eroding Pact on Warming», New York Times, April 1, 2001.
69. David Sanger, «Bush Flatly States U.S. Will Pull Out of Missile Treaty», New York Times, August 24, 2001.
70. Dana Milbank, «Bush Advocates a Wider NATO», Washington Post, June 16, 2001.
71. «Bush Unpopular in Europe, Seen as Unilateralist», August 15, 2001. Available at: http://people-press org/reports/display php3?ReportID=5. Survey conducted by the International Herald Tribune, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. См. также Adam Clymer, «Surveys Find European Public Critical of Bush Policies», New York Times, August 16, 2001.
72. JohnKifner, «56IslamicNationsAvoidCondemningU.S. Attacks, but Warn on Civilian Casualties», New York Times, October 11,2001.
73. Laurie Goodstein, «Muslim Scholars Back Fight Against Terrorists», New York Times, October 12, 2001.
74. Cm. Stephen M. Walt, «The Origins of Alliances» (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987).
ГЛАВА 3
1. President Calvin Coolidge, State of the Union Address, December 4, 1928, a; cited in John Kenneth Galbraith, «The Great Crash, 1929» (New York: Time Inc., 1961), p. 7.
2. Ibid., p. 26–27, 70.
3. Cited ibid., p. 38.
4. Cited ibid., p. 73.
5. Cited ibid., p. 74.
6. Ibid., p. 80.
7. Piers Brendon, «The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s» (New York: Knopf, 2000), p. 86.
8. Charles P. Kindleberger, «The World in Depression, 1929–1939» (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 171–172.
9. Dietmar Rothermund, «The Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929–1939» (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 55.
10. Cited in Brendon, «The Dark Valley», p. 31.
11. Cited inTatsuji Takeuchia, «War and Diplomacy in the Japanese Empire» (New York: Doubleday, 1935), p. 353.
12. Kindleberger, «The World in Depression», p. 308.
13. Galbraith, «The Great Crash», p. 173–174.
14. Thomas L. Friedman, «The Lexus and the Olive Tree» (New York: Farrar, Strai & Giroux, 1999), p. 7.
15. Ibid., p. 7–8.
16. Thomas Paine, «Rights of Man», in Collected Writings (New York: Literal Classics of the United States, 1995), p. 598–599.
17. John Stuart Mill, «Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy» (Fairfield, N.J.: Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1976), p. 582.
18. Norman Angell, «The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power in Nations to Their Economic and Social Advantage» (New York: Putnam, 1910), p. 31,54–55. Название связано с иллюзорным представлением о том, что государства могут обеспечить свое благосостояние посредством войны.
19. Congressman Paul Ryan, statement to U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Banking and Financial Ser vices, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, «Margin Lending», March 21, 2000. Available at: http:// commdocs house gov/committees/bank/hba63474.000/hba634740 .HTM.
20. Robert J. Shiller, «Irrational Exuberance» (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 35.
21. Ibid., p. xii–xiii.
22. Ibid., p. 5–9. Отметим, что Шиллер использует собственный метод расчета соотношения цены и стоимости акций и поэтому его данные могут отличаться от данных из других источников.
23. New York Stock Exchange, «New York Stock Exchange Member Firms Customers' Margin Debt, January 1992 through February 2002». Available at: http://www nyse com/pdfs/margin0202.pdf. См. также Gretchen Morgenson, «Buying on Margin Becomes a Habit», New York Times, March 24, 2000.
24. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, «Margin Lending», March 21,2000. Available at: http://commdocs house gov/committees/bank/hba63474.000/hba634740 .htm.
25. International Monetary Fund, «International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues» (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2000), p. 10–11.
26. Stephan Haggard, «The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis» (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2000), p. 4, 6.
27. Gerard Baker and Stephen Fidler, «O'Neill Signals Hands-Off Stance on World Economy», Financial Times, February 15, 2001.
28. Закон предусматривает, что инвесторы могут кредитовать не более 50 процентов пакета акций, который они приобретают. В августе 2001 года вступили в действие новые правила фондовых торгов, с более строгими требованиями к кредитным покупкам в целях прекращения спекулятивных биржевых игр.
29. Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan, December 5, 1996, Francis Boyer Lecture of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Available at: http:/ /federalreserve gov/boarddocs/speeches/l996/l9961205.htm.
30. Charlie Rose Transcript no. 2713, program of June 27, 2000.
31. См.: Haggard, «The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis», p. 1–13.
32. Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan, «Global Challenges», July 12, 2000, at the Financial Crisis Conference, Council on Foreign Relations, New York. Available at: http://federalreserve gov/boarddocs/speeches/2000/ 20OO0712.htm.
33. Quotes from Steven Pearlstein, «Debating How to Repair Global Financial System», Washington Post, September 24, 2000.
34. Robert Gilpin, «The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century» (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 161.
35. Cm. Paul A. Papayoanou, «Power Ties: Economic Interdependence, Balancing, and War» (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), p. 63.
36. О СМИ и их роли в разжигании национализма см.: Jack L. Snyder, «From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict» (New York: Norton, 2000).
37. Martin Wolf, «The Economic Failure of Islam», Financial Times, September 26, 2001.
38. Thomas Friedman, «Smoking or Non-Smoking?» New York Times, September 14, 2001.
39. Cm. Joseph Yam, «International Capital Flows and Free Markets», remarks made at the Credit Suisse First Boston Asian Investment Conference, March 26,1999. Available at: http://www info gov hk/hkma/eng/speeches/speechs/joseph/speech260399b .htm.
40. Karl Polanyi, «The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time» (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957).
41. Martin Wolf, «The Lure of the American Way», Financial Times, November 1, 2000.
42. Rothermund, «The Global Impact of the Great Depression», p. 29.
43. Immanuel Kant, «Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay» (New York: Macmillan, 1917). Originally published in 1795.
44. См.: chap. 2, n. 15.
45. William Jefferson Clinton, «Confronting the Challenges of a Broader World», address to the U.N. General Assembly, New York City, September 27, 1993. Available at: http://dosfan lib uic edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/1993/html/Dispatchv4no39.html.
46. Критику школы демократического мира см.: David Spiro, «The Insignificance of the Liberal Peace»; Christopher Layne, «Kant or Cant: Myths of the Democratic Peace»; and Henry S. Farber and Joanne Gowa, «Polities and Peace», in Debating the Democratic Peace, ed. Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996).
47. Francis Fukuyama, «The End of History and the Last Man» (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. xx.
48. Ibid., p. 276.
49.0 роли немецких интеллектуалов в эволюции национализма см.: Elie Kedourie, «Nationalism» (London: Hutchin-son, 1966). Kedourie provides a summary of the views of both Herder and Fichte.
50. Fukuyama, «The End of History and the Last Man», p. 276.
ГЛАВА 4
1. См. Robert Gilpin, «War and Change in World Politics» (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); and Paul M. Kennedy, «The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000» (New York: Random House, 1987).
2. Краткое изложение этой житейской мудрости см.: Antony J. Blinken, «The False Crisis over the Atlantic», Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 3 (May–June 2001), p. 35–48.
3. Cited in Otto Pflanze, «Bismarck and the Development of Germany», vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 97.
4. Benjamin Disraeli, February 9,1871, cited in J.C.G. Rohl, «From Bismarck to Hitler: The Problem of Continuity in German History» (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1970)», p. 23.
5. Cited in V. R. Berghahn, «Germany and the Approach of War in 1914» (New York: St. Martin's, 1973), p. 174.
6. Cited in Fritz Fischer, «World Power or Decline: The Controversy over Germany's Aims in the First World War», trans. Lancelot Farrar, Robert Kimber, and Rita Kimber (New York: Norton, 1974), p. 26.
7. Margaret Thatcher, «The Downing Street Years» (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 796–797. См. также Robert J. Art, «Why Europe Needs the United States and NATO», Political Science Quarterly, vol. Ill, no. 1 (Spring 1996), p. 1–39. 8.0 римской военной стратегии см.: Edward N. Luttwak, «The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A-D. to the Third» (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).
9. Ammianus Marcellinus, «The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354–378)» (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1986), p. 412.
10. Столицу Западной Римской империи в конце четвертого века перенесли в Милан, а в начале пятого века – в Равенну.
11. Edward Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», with an introduction, notes, and appendices by J.B. Bury, vol. 4 (New York: AMS Press, 1974), p. 174–175.
12. Lactantius, «On the Deaths of the Persecutors», cited in Chris Scarre, «Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome» (London: Thames & Hudson, 1995), p. 196.
13. Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», vol. 4, p.174–175.
14. О причинах упадка см.: Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», vols. 1–7; J.B. Bury, «History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (A.D. 395 to A.D. 565)» (London: Macmillan, 1923); and A.H.M. Jones, «The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey» (Oxford: Blackwell, 1964). О Византии см.: A. A. Vasiliev, «History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453» (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1952).
15.Gibbon, «The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire», vol. 4, p. 174–175.
16. William С Wohlforth, «The Stability of a Unipolar World», International Security, vol. 24, no. 1 (Summer 1999), p. 8.
17. О развитии Европы с точки зрения экономических мотивов см.: Andrew Moravcsik, «The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht» (Ithaca:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147